گرامر Reduction در انگلیسی
کلمه Reduction به معنای کاهش می باشد و در گرامر به معنای کوتاه کردن یک جمله و کاهش تعداد کلمه های آن است. reduction دارای قواعد و قوانین خاص خود است به طوری که معنی جمله و ساختار صحیح آن باید حفظ شود.
انواع Reduced Clause ها:
نوع اول برای جملات کوتاه شده از نوع زمان است.
1_ Reduced Time Clauses
در جملاتی که دارای کلمات after و before و while هستند استفاده می شود.
در قسمتی که دارای یکی از کلمات while وbefore وafter می باشد باید فاعل را حذف کنیم و به فعل اصلی ing اضافه کنیم.
مثال برای گرامر Reduction در انگلیسی
I like to read before I go to school
====> I like to read before going to school
مثال برای گرامر Reduction در انگلیسی
While I take my lunch time at work, I often take a short nap
====> While taking my lunch time at work, I often take a short nap
نکته: فاعل (subject) هر دو جمله باید مثل هم باشند.
2_ Reduced Relative Clauses
منظور جملاتی است که کلمات ربطی who و which و where و that دارند. که اگر یکی از سه حالت زیر وجود داشته باشد قابل انجام است.
الف:کلمه ربط همراه با be
اگر بعد از کلمه ربط یکی از فعل های be آمده باشد، هم کلمه ربطی و هم فعل be حذف می شوند.
نکته: فعل های Be شامل am , is , are , was , were , been هستند.
مثال:
someone who is able to run fast might be a good football player
====> someone able to run fast might be a good football player.
The car which is parked next to mine is very expensive.
The car parked next to mine is very expensive.
Hamlet, which was written by Shakespeare sometime in the early 1600s, is among the classics.
Hamlet, written by Shakespeare sometime in the early 1600s, is among the classics.
گرامر Reduction در انگلیسی
ب: کلمه ربط همراه با فعل اصلی
در صورتی که بعد از کلمه ربط فعل اصلی باشد، کلمه ربطی حذف می شود و فعل اصلی ing می گیرد.
مثال:
someone that needs job security shouldn’t be a jazz musician
====> someone needing job security …
The man who wants to talk to you is waiting for you.
The man wanting to talk to you is waiting for you.
گرامر Reduction در انگلیسی
ج: کلمه ربط همراه با has , have
اگر بعد از کلمه ربطی have یا has باشد، کلمه ربطی و have حذف می شوند و جایشان with می گذاریم.
برای بیان منفی داشتن یعنی نداشتن چیزی باید از without استفاده کنیم.
مثال:
A person that has a good voice can be a good TV journalist.
====> A person with a good voice can be a good TV journalist.
Students who have enough math and English skills will be admitted.
Students with enough math and English skills will be admitted.
برای بیان منفی داشتن یعنی نداشتن چیزی باید از without استفاده کنیم.
People who don’t have their ID cards can not get in.
People without their ID cards can not get in.
گرامر Reduction در انگلیسی
نکته: جمله واره تعریف کننده مشخص می کند در مورد کدام شخص یا کدام شی داریم صحبت می کنیم اما غیر تعریف کننده درباره شخص یا شی به ما می گوید که ما حتی می توانیم آنها را حذف کنیم، چون آنها فقط اطلاعات بیشتری به ما می دهند. برای مطالعه بیشتر درس ضمایر موصولی را مطالعه کنید.
In defining clauses, we can omit the relative pronoun in the position of object.
در جایگاه مفعول قابل حذف و در جایگاه فاعل غیر قابل حذف است.
مفعول
The boy who / whom / that you don’t like much wants to talk to you.
The boy you don’t like much wants to talk to you.
فاعل
The car that hit the old man was red.
Note: In non-defining sentences you neither omit the relative pronoun nor use “that”.
My mother, who / whom that you met yesterday, wants to talk to you.
My mother you met yesterday, wants to talk to you.
A:استفاده از فعل ING دار که Present Participle گفته می شود.ضمیر موصولی حذف می شود.
(برای کارهای همزمان)
We stood on the bridge which connects the two halves of the city.
We stood on the bridge connecting the two halves of the city. (Present Participle)
قسمت سوم فعل در Reduction مورد استفاده قرار می گیرد که در زیر مورد برسی قرار خواهد گرفت.
B: استفاده از قسمت سوم فعل یا شکل مجهول آن به شکل زیر
The boy who was attacked by a dog was taken to hospital.
The boy attacked by a dog was taken to hospital. (Past Participle)
Being + قسمت سوم فعل (V3)
(برای کارهای همزمان)
Being attacked by a dog, he got really scared.
c) Perfect Participle “having V3” (active-explaining sth. happened before the others)
مثال:
Jenna, who has lived in Florida for 20 years, has gone through several hurricanes.
جواب:
Jenna, having lived in Florida for 20 years, has gone through several hurricanes. (Perfect Participle)
Having lived in Florida for 20 years, Jenna has gone through several hurricanes. (Perfect Participle)
d) Perfect Passive Participle “having been V3” (passive-explaining sth happened before the others)
مثال:
Usain Bolt, who had been disqualified from the men’s 100m final after a false start, made no such mistake in the 200m.
جواب:
Usain Bolt, having been disqualified from the men’s 100m final after a false start, made no such mistake in the 200m. (Perfect passive participle)
Having been disqualified from the men’s 100m final after a false start, Usain Bolt made no such mistake in the 200m. (Perfect passive participle)
گرامر Reduction در انگلیسی در موارد دیگر
We can use infinitive “to” in the cases below.
- 1. The only…to
- 2. Superlative…to
- 3. The first, last, second, next…to
John is the only person who understands me.
John is the only person to understand me.
Tom is the most handsome boy who came to this school.
Tom is the most handsome boy to come to this school.
Jack is the first student who has handed in the exam.
Jack is the first person to have handed in the exam.
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