ساختار های موازی یا Parallel structure
ساختار های موازی یا Parallel structure در انگلیسی به معنای استفاده از الگو های یکسانی از لغات برای نشان دادن سطح یکسانی از اهمیت کاری یا ایده ای است. ساختاری های موازی در سطح کلمه، عبارت یا Clause (نیم جمله) وجود دارند.
راه معمول موازی کردن جمله ها استفاده از ربط دهنده ها یا همان conjunctions مثل and و or می باشد.
ساختاری های موازی در واقع تکرار الگوهای گرامری یکسانی در یک جمله هستند.
در زیر تمام حالت های مختلف ساختار های موازی را برسی خواهیم کرد.
1- استفاده از فرم ing در ساختاری های موازی یا Parallel structure
Mary likes hiking, swimming, and bicycling.
2- استفاده از مصدر با to ساختاری های موازی یا Parallel structure
Mary likes to hike, to swim, and to ride a bicycle.
OR
Mary likes to hike, swim, and ride a bicycle.
نکته: می توانید از to قبل از فعل اول یا قبل از تمام فعل ها استفاده کرد.
نباید فرم ها را با هم به صورت زیر به کار ببرید.
مثال 1
Not Parallel:
Mary likes hiking, swimming, and to ride a bicycle.
Parallel:
Mary likes hiking, swimming, and riding a bicycle.
مثال 2
Not Parallel:
The production manager was asked to write his report quickly, accurately, and in a detailed manner.
Parallel:
The production manager was asked to write his report quickly, accurately, and thoroughly.
مثال 3
Not Parallel:
The teacher said that he was a poor student because he waited until the last minute to study for the exam, completed his lab problems in a careless manner, and his motivation was low.
Parallel:
The teacher said that he was a poor student because he waited until the last minute to study for the exam, completed his lab problems in a careless manner, and lacked motivation.
3- نیم جمله یا Clause در ساختاری های موازی یا Parallel structure
یک ساختار موازنه که با کلاز شروع می شود باید با کلاز ادامه یابد.
تغییر به یک الگوی دیگر یا تغییر نوع جمله از معلوم به مجهول و یا از مجهول به معلوم ساختار موازی را از بین می برد.
مثال 1:
Not Parallel:
The coach told the players that they should get a lot of sleep, that they should not eat too much, and to do some warm-up exercises before the game.
Parallel:
The coach told the players that they should get a lot of sleep, that they should not eat too much, and that they should do some warm-up exercises before the game.
— or —
Parallel:
The coach told the players that they should get a lot of sleep, not eat too much, and do some warm-up exercises before the game.
مثال 2:
Not Parallel:
The salesman expected that he would present his product at the meeting, that he would have time to show his slide presentation, and that questions would be asked by prospective buyers. (passive)
Parallel:
The salesman expected that he would present his product at the meeting, that he would have time to show his slide presentation, and that prospective buyers would ask him questions.
4- لیست بعد از علامت دو نقطه (COLON) در ساختاری های موازی یا Parallel structure
باید تمام ساختار ها را بعد از علامت دو نقطه به یک شکل به کار ببریم.
مثال 1
Not Parallel:
The dictionary can be used to find these: word meanings, pronunciations, correct spellings, and looking up irregular verbs.
Parallel:
The dictionary can be used to find these: word meanings, pronunciations, correct spellings, and irregular verbs.
مثال 2:
Not Parallel:
John Taylor Gatto criticizes public schools because they are compulsory, funded by the government, and destroy students’ humanity.
Parallel:
John Taylor Gatto criticizes public schools because they are compulsory, government funded, and normalizing.
OR
John Taylor Gatto criticizes public schools because they require students to attend, receive money from the government, and destroy students’ humanity.
5- Coordinating Conjunctions در ساختاری های موازی یا Parallel structure
وقتی که دو یا بیشتر از دو کلاز یا عبارت را به هم با استفاده از
Coordinating Conjunctions (for, and, nor, but, or, yet, or so)
وصل میکنیم باید از ساختار های موازی استفاده کنیم.
مثال:
Not Parallel:
My best friend took me dancing and to a show.
Parallel:
My best friend took me to a dance and a show.
6- ساختارهای موازی با
Correlative Conjunctions (not only…but also, either…or, neither…nor, if…then, etc.)
مثال:
Not Parallel:
My dog not only likes to play fetch, but also chase cars.
Parallel:
My dog not only likes to play fetch, but he also likes to chase cars.
OR
My dog likes not only to play fetch, but also to chase cars.
7-ساختاری های موازی یا Parallel structure با عبارات و کلاز های مقایسه ای (word of comparison, such as than or as)
مثال:
Not Parallel:
I would rather pay for my education than financial aid.
Parallel:
I would rather pay for my education than receive financial aid.
8- استفاده از فاکتور های مقایسه ای با استفاده از
more, less, better, and worse
این کلمات معمولا با as و than به کار می روند.
مثال:
Driving to New York can actually take less time than flying there.
Mary’s ability to come up with projects far exceeded her resolve to work on them.
How you live your life is just as important as how much money you make.
Not Parallel:
I like swimming better than to dive.
Parallel:
I like swimming better than diving.
OR
I like to swim better than to dive.
9- استفاده از افعال حسی (linking verb) و افعال to be در ساختاری های موازی یا Parallel structure
What you see is what you get.
Being Jim’s friend means being constantly alert.
To know her is to love her.
Not Parallel:
To succeed is opening a new opportunity.
Parallel:
To succeed is to open a new opportunity.
or
Succeeding is opening a new opportunity.
مثال با either / or and neither / nor
We were told to either reduce the staff or find new customers.
Agnes was neither going to classes nor doing her assignments.
مثال با both / and
I would like both to buy a new house and to purchase a new car.
I would like to buy both a new house and a new car.
مثال با not only / but also
As young recruits, we were told not only what to do but also what to think.
Sam hoped not only to go to France for the summer but also to live there later on.
مثال بیشتر:
Not Parallel:
You are either for us or you are against us.
Parallel:
You are either for us or against us.
OR
Either you are for us or you are against us.
با neither / nor
Not Parallel:
Mary is neither a Democrat nor is she a Republican.
Parallel:
Mary is neither a Democrat nor a Republican.
OR
Neither is Mary a Democrat nor is she a Republican.
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