Transition words در انگلیسی
Transition words در انگلیسی
کلمات واسطه یا Transition words : این کلمات لغات و عبارات و جمله ها را به هم متصل می کند و به خواننده کمک می کنند تا از یک ایده به ایده دیگر به راحتی پیش رود بنابراین باعث انسجام کلی متن می شوند.کلمات واسطه برای اهداف مختلفی استفاده می شوند و ضروری هستند.
در تقسیم بندی های زیر یک کلمه ممکن است شامل چندین دسته شود ولی ما فقط آن را در مربوط ترین دسته قرار دادیم.بنابراین یک همپوشانی وجود دارد.
زیاد مهم نیست که بدانید که کدام کلمه جزء کدام دسته است بلکه معنی و کاربرد کلمات مهمتر است.
1- برای بیان تشابهات و موافقت و همچنین اضافه کردن اطلاعات و تقویت ایده ها از کلمات زیر استفاده می کنیم.
Agreement |
Addition |
Similarity |
in the first place |
again |
moreover |
not only … but also |
to |
as well as |
as a matter of fact |
and |
together with |
in like manner |
also |
of course |
in addition |
then |
likewise |
coupled with |
equally |
comparatively |
in the same fashion / way |
Identically |
correspondingly |
first, second, third |
uniquely |
similarly |
in the light of |
like |
furthermore |
not to mention |
as |
additionally |
to say nothing of |
too |
|
equally important |
|
|
by the same token |
|
|
2-برای بیان مخالفت و محدودیت و تضاد از کلمات زیر استفاده می شود.Transition words در انگلیسی
Opposition |
Limitation |
Contradiction |
although this may be true |
but |
although |
in contrast |
(and) still |
instead |
different from |
unlike |
whereas |
of course …, but |
or |
despite |
on the other hand |
(and) yet |
conversely |
on the contrary |
while |
otherwise |
at the same time |
albeit |
however |
in spite of |
besides |
rather |
even so / though |
as much as |
nevertheless |
be that as it may |
|
regardless |
then again |
|
notwithstanding |
above all |
|
|
in reality |
|
|
after all |
|
|
3- برای بیان علت و شرط و هدف از کلمات زیر استفاده می کنیم.
Cause |
Condition |
Purpose |
in the event that |
If |
in case |
granted (that) |
… then |
provided that |
as / so long as |
unless |
given that |
on (the) condition (that) |
|
only / even if |
for the purpose of |
when |
so that |
with this intention |
whenever |
so as to |
with this in mind |
while |
owing to |
in the hope that |
|
inasmuch as |
to the end that |
because of |
due to |
for fear that |
as |
|
in order to |
since |
|
seeing / being that |
while |
|
in view of |
lest |
|
4- برای بیان مثال، پشتیبانی و تاکیید از کلمات زیر استفاده می کنیم.
Examples |
Support |
Emphasis |
in other words |
notably |
in fact |
to put it differently |
including |
in general |
for one thing |
like |
in particular |
as an illustration |
to be sure |
in detail |
in this case |
namely |
for exampl |
for this reason |
chiefly |
for instance |
to put it another way |
truly |
to demonstrate |
that is to say |
indeed |
to emphasize |
with attention to |
certainly |
to repeat |
by all means |
surely |
to clarify |
|
markedly |
to explain |
|
such as |
to enumerate |
important to realize |
especially |
|
another key point |
explicitly |
|
first thing to remember |
specifically |
|
most compelling evidence |
expressly |
|
must be remembered |
surprisingly |
|
point often overlooked |
frequently |
|
to point out |
significantly |
|
on the positive side |
particularly |
|
on the negative side |
|
|
with this in mind |
|
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Transition words در انگلیسی
5- برای نشان دادن تاثیر،پیامد،نتیجه از کلمات زیر استفاده می کنیم. همچنین علت (cause/reason) بعد از for و because قرار می گیرند.
Effect |
Consequence |
Result |
as a result |
for |
consequently |
under those circumstances |
thus |
therefore |
in that case |
because the |
thereupon |
for this reason |
then |
forthwith |
in effect |
hence |
accordingly |
|
|
henceforth |
6-برای نتیجه گیری،خلاصه کردن و بیان دوباره از کلمات زیر استفاده می شود.همچنین از کلمات دیگر مثل therefore از دسته قبلی می توان برای خلاصه کردن استفاده کرد.Transition words در انگلیسی
Restatement |
Summary |
Conclusion |
by and large |
after all |
as can be seen |
to sum up |
in fact |
generally speaking |
on the whole |
in summary |
in the final analysis |
in any event |
in conclusion |
all things considered |
in either case |
in short |
as shown above |
all in all |
in brief |
in the long run |
|
in essence |
given these points |
Obviously |
to summarize |
as has been noted |
Ultimately |
on balance |
in a word |
Definitely |
altogether |
for the most part |
|
overall |
|
|
ordinarily |
|
|
usually |
|
Transition words در انگلیسی
7-از کلمات زیر برای ترتیب و محدودیت در زمان و تعیین محدوده زمانی استفاده می کنیم.
Sequence |
Chronology |
Time |
henceforth |
after |
at the present time |
whenever |
later |
from time to time |
eventually |
last |
sooner or later |
meanwhile |
until |
at the same time |
further |
till |
up to the present time |
during |
since |
to begin with |
in time |
then |
in due time |
prior to |
before |
as soon as |
forthwith |
hence |
as long as |
straightaway |
since |
in the meantime |
|
when |
in a moment |
by the time |
once |
without delay |
whenever |
about |
in the first place |
|
next |
all of a sudden |
until now |
now |
at this instant |
now that |
|
first, second |
instantly |
formerly |
immediately |
presently |
suddenly |
quickly |
occasionally |
shortly |
finally |
8- برای مکان از لیست کلمات زیر استفاده می کنیم.
Place |
Location |
Space |
further |
here |
in the middle |
beyond |
there |
to the left/right |
nearby |
next |
in front of |
wherever |
where |
on this side |
around |
from |
in the distance |
between |
over |
here and there |
before |
near |
in the foreground |
alongside |
above |
in the background |
amid |
below |
in the center of |
among |
down |
|
beneath |
up |
adjacent to |
beside |
Under |
opposite to |
behind |
|
|
across |
|
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Transition words در انگلیسی دارای قاعده پانکچویشن خاصی هستند.
a semicolon or a period is used after the first ‘sentence’, and a comma is almost always used to set off the transition word from the second ‘sentence’.
Example 1:
People use 43 muscles when they frown; however, they use only 28 muscles when they smile.
Example 2:
However, transition words can also be placed at the beginning of a new paragraph or sentence – not only to indicate a step forward in the reasoning, but also to relate the new material to the preceding thoughts.
Use a semicolon to connect sentences, only if the group of words on either side of the semicolon is a complete sentence each (both must have a subject and a verb, and could thus stand alone as a complete thought).
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